Conjugation of the active voice in Classical Latin:
The tables below represent Latin as it was written, before the appearance of vulgar Latin; vocal quantity is represented in the case of long vowels by a line over the vowel (eg Ā). If you knock out the final t in the third person forms you've almost got modern Spanish or Portuguese.
Only in Sardinian was the final t retained in the third person. French linguists may argue that the t was retained in some cases In French, eg aime-t-il?, croit-il?, chante-t-il? For non-francophiles this is more of a matter for debate; let's face it, French is a long way further from Latin roots than Spanish and Portuguese for example, and even they managed to lost the third person final t. Back in the thirteenth century, however, they might have had a point:
CANTAT (C.L.) > chantet [tshăntəθ]
CANTANT (C.L.) > chantent [tshăntənt]
- First conjugation verbs (AM/ARE)
- Second conjugation verbs (DĒB/ĒRE)
- Third conjugation verbs ('RUMP/ERE)
- Fourth conjugation verbs (ŪN/ĪRE)
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
|||||||
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
| Present |
Ō |
EŌ |
Ō |
IŌ |
EM |
EAM |
AM |
IAM |
| ĀS |
ĒS |
IS |
ĪS |
ĒS |
EĀS |
ĀS |
IĀS |
|
| AT |
ET |
IT |
IT |
ET |
EAT |
AT |
IAT |
|
| ĀMUS |
ĒMUS |
IMUS |
ĪMUS |
ĒMUS |
EĀMUS |
ĀMUS |
IĀMUS |
|
| ĀTIS |
ĒTIS |
ITIS |
ĪTIS |
ĒTIS |
EĀTIS |
ĀTIS |
IĀTIS |
|
| ANT |
ENT |
UNT |
IUNT |
SENT |
EANT |
ANT |
IANT |
|
| Future |
ĀBŌ |
ĒBŌ |
AM |
IAM |
||||
| ĀBIS |
ĒBIS |
ĒS |
IĒS |
|||||
| ĀBIT |
ĒBIT |
ĒT |
IET |
|||||
| ĀBIMUS |
ĒBIMUS |
ĒMUS |
IĒMUS |
|||||
| ĀBITIS |
ĒBITIS |
ĒTIS |
IĒTIS |
|||||
| ĀBUNT |
ĒBUNT |
ĒNT |
IENT |
|||||
| Imperfect |
ĀBAM |
ĒBAM |
ĒBAM |
IĒBAM |
ĀREM |
ĒREM |
EREM |
ĪREM |
| ĀBĀS |
ĒBĀS |
ĒBĀS |
IĒBĀS |
ĀRĒS |
ĒRĒS |
ERĒS |
ĪRĒS |
|
| ĀBAT |
ĒBAT |
ĒBAT |
IĒBAT |
ĀRET |
ĒRET |
ERET |
ĪRET |
|
| ĀBĀMUS |
ĒBĀMUS |
ĒBĀMUS |
IĒBĀMUS |
ĀRĒMUS |
ĒRĒMUS |
ERĒMUS |
ĪRĒMUS |
|
| ĀBĀTIS |
ĒBĀTIS |
ĒBĀTIS |
IĒBĀTIS |
ĀRĒTIS |
ĒRĒTIS |
ERĒTIS |
ĪRĒTIS |
|
| ĀBANT |
ĒBANT |
ĒBANT |
IĒBANT |
ĀRENT |
ĒRENT |
ERENT |
ĪRENT |
Classical Latin's perfect infinitives and stems are:
1. AM/Ā(VI)SSE
2. DĒB/UISSE
3. RŪP/ISSE
4. ŪN/Ī(VI)SSE
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
|||||||
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
| Perfect |
ĀVĪ |
UĪ |
Ī |
I(V) Ī |
Ā(VE)RIM |
UERIM |
ERIM |
Ī(VE)RIM |
| Ā(VI)STĪ |
UISTĪ |
ISTĪ |
Ī(VI)STĪ |
Ā(VE)RĪS |
UERĪS |
ERĪS |
Ī(VE)RĪS |
|
| ĀVIT |
UIT |
IT |
ĪVIT |
Ā(VE)RIT |
UERIT |
ERIT |
Ī(VE)RIT |
|
| ĀVIMUS |
UIMUS |
IMUS |
ĪVIMUS |
Ā(VE)RĪMUS |
UERĪMUS |
ERĪMUS |
Ī(VE)RĪMUS |
|
| Ā(VI)STIS |
UISTIS |
ISTIS |
Ī(VI)STIS |
Ā(VE)RĪTIS |
UERĪTIS |
ERĪTIS |
Ī(VE)RĪTIS |
|
| Ā(VĒ)RUNT |
UĒRUNT |
ĒRUNT |
Ī(V)ERUNT |
Ā(VE)RINT |
UERINT |
ERINT |
Ī(VE)RINT |
|
| Future Perfect |
Ā(VE)RŌ |
UERŌ |
ERŌ |
Ī(VE)RŌ |
||||
| Ā(VE)RIS |
UERIS |
ERIS |
Ī(VE)RIS |
|||||
| Ā(VE)RIT |
UERIT |
ERIT |
Ī(VE)RIT |
|||||
| Ā(VE)RIMUS |
UERIMUS |
ERIMUS |
Ī(VE)RIMUS |
|||||
| Ā(VE)RITIS |
UERITIS |
ERITIS |
Ī(VE)RITIS |
|||||
| Ā(VE)RINT |
UERINT |
ERINT |
Ī(VE)RINT |
|||||
| Pluperfect |
Ā(VE)RAM |
UERAM |
ERAM |
Ī(VE)RAM |
Ā(VI)SSEM |
UISSEM |
ISSEM |
Ī(VI)SSEM |
| Ā(VE)RĀS |
UERĀS |
ERĀS |
Ī(VE)RĀS |
Ā(VI)SSĒS |
UISSĒS |
ISSĒS |
Ī(VI)SSES |
|
| Ā(VE)RAT |
UERAT |
ERAT |
Ī(VE)RAT |
Ā(VI)SSET |
UISSET |
ISSET |
Ī(VI)SSET |
|
| Ā(VE)RĀMUS |
UERĀMUS |
ERĀMUS |
Ī(VE)RĀMUS |
Ā(VI)SSĒMUS |
UISSĒMUS |
ISSĒMUS |
Ī(VI)SSĒMUS |
|
| Ā(VE)RĀTIS |
UERĀTIS |
ERĀTIS |
Ī(VE)RĀTIS |
Ā(VI)SSĒTIS |
UISSĒTIS |
ISSĒTIS |
Ī(VI)SSĒTIS |
|
| Ā(VE)RANT |
UERANT |
ERANT |
Ī(VE)RANT |
Ā(VI)SSENT |
UISSENT |
ISSENT |
Ī(VI)SSENT |
Imperatives:
AMĀ AMĀTE
DĒBĒ DĒBĒTE
RUMPE 'RUMPITE
ŪNĪ ŪNĪTE
Gerunds:
AMANDUM
DĒBENDUM
RUMPENDUM
UNIENDUM
Present Participles:
AMĀNS
DĒBĒNS
RUMPĒNS
UNIĒNS
Future Participles:
AMĀTŪRUS
DĒBITŪRUS
RUPTŪRUS
ŪNĪTŪRUS